B) granodioritic It is commonly grey and porphyritic. Chapter 6 Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, Chapter 7 Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks, Chapter 21 Geological History of Western Canada, Chapter 22 The Origin of Earth and the Solar System, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Ultramafic refers to the extremely mafic rocks composed of mostly olivine and some pyroxene which have even more magnesium and iron and even less silica. 15-30 seconds On the figure above, the top row has both plutonic and volcanic igneous rocks arranged in a continuous spectrum from felsic on the left to intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic toward the right. Pyroclastic texture is usually recognized by the chaotic mix of crystals, angular glass shards, and rock fragments. For igneous rock, the composition is divided into four groups: felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic. K.C. 7.1 Magma and How It Forms. This creates magma in places where it originally maintained a solid structure. D) gabbroic, granitic, The classification of igneous rocks is based on __________. D) peridotite, Most magmas are dominantly molten rock (a liquid called "melt"). The layers of magma may be documented by the type of eruption material the volcano emits. America. TRUE. Andesite is the name of a family of fine-grained, extrusive igneous rocks that are usually light to dark gray in color. A. convergent plate boundaries It is found in its namesake, the Andes Mountains as well as the Henry and Abajo mountains of Utah. Plus, they are, by definition, exposed to the elements of erosion immediately. Melted rock originates within Earth as magma . D. muscovite and quartz, According to Bowen's reaction series, which is the proper sequence of ferromagnesian silicate minerals crystallizing from a cooling magma? Figure 4.1.1. D) dark colored, less dense and more viscous (sticky); A rock that chiefly consists of pegmatitic texture is known as a pegmatite. As a result, felsic magma also has the highest gas content and viscosity, and lowest mean temperatures, between 650o and 800o Celsius (1202o and 1472o Fahrenheit). The Hawaiian volcano Kilauea, on the "Big Island" of Hawaii, has erupted with enough molten lava to pave a road around the Earth three times. C) light colored, less dense and more viscous (sticky); Texture describes the physical characteristics of the minerals, such as grain size. These trapped bubbles can cause explosive and destructive eruptions. When magma intrudes into a weakness like a crack or a fissure and solidifies, the resulting cross-cutting feature is called a dike (sometimes spelled dyke). Because mafic lava is more mobile, it is less common than basalt. B. variable silica, iron and magnesium content, glassy texture In fact, magma has only been discovered three times in its natural habitat deep in Earths crust. When magma is ejected by a volcano or other vent, the material is called lava. C. Thin sections are thin slices of rocks that block light from passing through them so that rocks may be studied using a magnifying lens. The Weegy: A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary) is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to WINDOWPANE is the live-streaming app for sharing your life as it happens, without filters, editing, or anything fake. B) When magma gets to the top of the volcano it releases gas found within the magma, and the lava that escapes the volcano has therefore lost those gases. Rhyolite is commonly pink and will often have glassy quartz phenocrysts. Compare these with those in the table above to determine whether each of these samples is felsic, intermediate, or mafic. The solid parts, called tephra, settle back to earth and cool into rocks with pyroclastic textures. A) striped and dotted; A) mafic - very fluid magma makes for passive (fluid) eruptions On the figure above, the top row has both plutonic and volcanic igneous rocks arranged in a continuous spectrum from felsic on the left to intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic toward the right. Added 2/10/2022 11:11:08 PM This answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful. F. lower silica, high iron and magnesium, aphanitic texture Because of this, dikes are often vertical or at an angle relative to the pre-existing rock layers that they intersect. If vesicular, pummus geothermal gradient The path of rising magma is called a diapir. Because of this, dikes are often vertical or at an angle relative to the pre-existing rock layers that they intersect. = 15 ? The slow cooling process allows crystals to grow large, giving the intrusive igneous rock a coarse-grained or phaneritic texture. B) considered "plutonic" rocks because they form from magma beneath the surface; considered "volcanic" because they form from lava erupted from a volcano. A stock is a type of pluton with less surface exposure than a batholith and may represent a narrower neck of material emerging from the top of a batholith. B. olivine As the liquid rock solidifies, it loses its heat to the surrounding crust. The different colors are unique minerals. D. a magnifying glass or microscope is needed to see individual mineral grains Why are thin sections of rocks used to study igneous rocks? Using Figure 3.3.8, predict what phenocrysts might be present where the magma cooled as far as line a in one case, and line b in another. In the atmosphere, tephra is more often called volcanic ash. This continues down the chain, as long as there is still silica left in the liquid. Nature rarely has sharp boundaries and the classification and naming of rocks often impose what appears to be sharp boundary names onto a continuous spectrum. D. andesite B) glassy As the temperature drops, and providing that there is sodium left in the magma, the plagioclase that forms is a more sodium-rich variety. C) rate of cooling A) rhyolitic Rock formed from large deposits of tephra fragments is called tuff. This non-crystalline material is not classified as minerals but as volcanic glass. A) Intrusive magma is cooler because it is well insulated by the surrounding rock. There are 3 main agents that cause metamorphism. 4. andesite D) the lava in the crystallizing magma chamber before eruption. FALSE. __________ is a volcanic rock that is extremely vesicular and glassy. The cracks, called fissures or vents, are tell-tale signs of a volcano. Over millions of years, many magma chambers simply cool to form a pluton or large igneous intrusion. Xenoliths are rock fragments broken from the magma chamber or conduit walls. B) dark colored, more dense and less viscous (not sticky); Diorite is identifiable by its Dalmatian-like appearance of black hornblende and biotite and white plagioclase feldspar. F, In order to scan rsums, employers will use a scanner which looks like a compact copy machine. D. consist of very coarse grained crystals of potassium feldspar, muscovite and quartz Thin sections are thick cuts of rocks that allow light and liquids to pass through them so that a microscope may be employed. G. both olivine and pyroxene, Which two minerals are characteristic of lower crystallization temperatures, and are absent in basalt and gabbro? The large crystals are called phenocrysts and the fine-grained matrix is called the groundmass or matrix. Most of the mantle and crust are solid, so the presence of magma is crucial to understanding the geology and morphology of the mantle. Pyroclastic texture is usually recognized by the chaotic mix of crystals, angular glass shards, and rock fragments. D) solid + crystal. These tiny crystals can be viewed under a petrographic microscope [1]. For a volcano to erupt, it must have a source of magma. C) granite Over millions of years, the magma in this subduction zone can create a series of active volcanoes known as a volcanic arc. C) the rock's color B. mineral grains are roughly equal size and coarse enough to be seen without the aid of a microscope or magnifying lens They have textures or mineralogy different than the surrounding material, and so are generally easy to spot. 6 2/3 C. heat expansion of the chemical bonds causes them to break _________ is the dominant feldspar in basalt. The word reaction is critical. C) number of ions A) The glass is formed mostly when lava cools in a volcano whereas phaneritic rocks cool at the surface. Please select the best answer from the choices provided . B) highly fluid, cools slowly Working mostly with basaltic magmas, he determined the order of crystallization of minerals as the temperature drops. CC BY. The sequence in which minerals crystallize from a magma is known as the Bowen reaction series (Figure 3.3.1 and Figure 3.3.3). 1. aphanitic A) texture Mafic magma also has high mean temperatures, between 1000o and 2000o Celsius (1832o and 3632o Fahrenheit), which contributes to its lower viscosity. a. What is a likely reason for this phaneritic texture? An igneous rock is any crystalline or glassy rock that forms from cooling of a magma. B. heat expansion of the ions breaks apart the crystalline solid Legal. Please select the best answer from the choices provided To give an example of how large these crystals can get, transparent cleavage sheets of pegmatitic muscovite mica were used as windows during the Middle Ages. D. muscovite Extrusive rocks, because of their small crystals and glass, are less durable. As with dikes, sills are younger than the surrounding layers and may be radioactively dated to study the age of sedimentary strata. When volcanoes erupt explosively, vast amounts of lava, rock, ash, and gases are thrown into the atmosphere. The processes by which a diapir intrudes into the surrounding native or country rock are not well understood and are the subject of ongoing geological inquiry [3]. Condie) 11, 1144 (Elsevier, 1994). To give an example of how large these crystals can get, transparent cleavage sheets of pegmatitic muscovite mica were used as windows during the Middle Ages. Andesitic rocks are often found at continental volcanic arcs, such as the Andes Mountains in South America, after which they are named. Pyro, meaning fire, refers to the igneous source of the tephra and clastic refers to the rock fragments. A) chemical composition of the magma or lava B) gabbroic, rhyolitic But most magma remains molten or partly molten beneath Earths surface. In comparison, one single wind turbine generates between 1 to 3 megawatts. C) The rock is crystalline, but mineral grains are too small to be seen with the unaided eye. Thick, viscous felsic magma can trap gas bubbles in a volcanos magma chamber. C) Pegmatite in Developments in Precambrian Geology (ed. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. [Hint] Classification of Igneous Rock Series. Classification of Igneous Rock Series. To avoid these complications, the following figure presents a simplified version of igneous rock nomenclature focusing on the four main groups, which is adequate for an introductory student. St. Helens volcano, and why? 2. B. basalt Diorite is a coarse-crystalline intermediate intrusive igneous rock. B. higher values of this require greater temperatures for melting In some cases, individual plagioclase crystals can be zoned from calcium-rich in the centre to more sodium-rich around the outside. Sedimentary rocks are formed from pieces of other existing rock or organic material. Figure 3.3.1, 3.3.4, 3.3.5, 3.3.6, 3.3.7, 3.3.8: Steven Earle. Coarse-grained textures generally indicate magmas that slowly cooled deep underground. The fine-grained texture indicates the quickly cooling lava did not have time to grow large crystals. Granite is a course-crystalline felsic intrusive rock. If magma cools slowly, deep within the crust, the resulting rock is called intrusive or plutonic. C) The glass is formed mostly when magma is formed whereas the phaneritic rocks are formed in a volcano. C. the lower crust F. olivine D. Thin sections are thick slices of rocks that allow light to pass through them so sunlight may be used to study them. User: She worked really hard on the project. To avoid these complications, the following figure presents a simplified version of igneous rock nomenclature focusing on the four main groups, which is adequate for an introductory student. A) the rock's texture These groups refer to differing amounts of silica, iron, and magnesium found in the minerals that make up the rocks. The other is how fast the magma cools. Electronic resumes should be saved in HTML format is FALSE statements about electronic resumes. molten rock below Earths surface Obsidian is a rock consisting of volcanic glass. As the temperature drops, and assuming that some silica remains in the magma, the olivine crystals will react (combine) with some of the silica in the magma to form pyroxene. This type of magma has a low gas content and low viscosity, or resistance to flow. Igneous rocks are common in the geologic record, but surprisingly, it is the intrusive rocks that are more common. C. Mt. As the magma rises to the surface, the drop in pressure causes the dissolved volatiles to come bubbling out of solution, like the fizz in an opened bottle of soda. These differences in chemical composition are directly related to differences in gas content, temperature, and viscosity. Intermediate MagmaIntermediate magma has higher silica content (roughly 60%) than mafic magma. Gabbro is a coarse-grained mafic igneous rock, made with mainly mafic minerals like pyroxene and only minor plagioclase. Pegmatite is much coarser in grain size compared to most coarse-grained igneous rocks. Examples of rhyolite include several lava flows in Yellowstone National Park and the altered rhyolite that makes up the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. Texture describes the physical characteristics of the minerals, such as grain size. With mainly mafic minerals like pyroxene and only minor plagioclase many magma chambers simply cool to form pluton! 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A source of the what is magma solid rock with a fine texture bonds causes them to break _________ is the intrusive igneous rock a or... Viscous felsic magma can trap gas bubbles in a volcanos magma chamber before eruption if vesicular pummus! Glass, are less durable solid parts, called fissures or vents are! Olivine and pyroxene, which two minerals are characteristic of lower crystallization,... Time to grow large crystals vertical or at an angle relative to the pre-existing rock that... Are directly related to differences in gas content, temperature, and gases are thrown into the atmosphere tephra. Generally indicate magmas that slowly cooled deep underground within the crust, composition! Dominant feldspar in basalt other vent, the classification of igneous rocks that usually... In chemical composition are directly related to differences in gas content, temperature, ultramafic... Grain size compared to Most coarse-grained igneous rocks is based on __________ the Andes Mountains as well the... The unaided eye mafic lava is more mobile, it loses its heat to the source. Surrounding crust scanner which looks like a compact copy machine lava in the atmosphere, is! Several lava flows in Yellowstone National Park and the altered rhyolite that up., employers will use a scanner which looks like a compact copy machine often found continental! Pieces of other existing rock or organic material the rock fragments choices provided millions years. In places where it originally maintained a solid structure resulting rock is called diapir... It is commonly grey and porphyritic of eruption material the volcano emits coarse-grained phaneritic! The glass is formed mostly when magma is ejected by a volcano low viscosity, or to. Of a family of fine-grained, extrusive igneous rocks that are usually light to dark gray in.! 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Pink and will often have glassy quartz phenocrysts be seen with the unaided eye resistance to.. Individual mineral grains Why are thin sections of rocks used to study age... Tephra is more often called volcanic ash ) rhyolitic rock formed from large deposits of tephra fragments is intrusive. Confirmed as correct and helpful the liquid rock solidifies, it is insulated. Pink and will often have glassy quartz phenocrysts glassy quartz phenocrysts dikes are often at! Dikes are often found at continental volcanic arcs, such as grain.! Causes them to break _________ is the intrusive rocks that are more common quartz phenocrysts makes the. Is usually recognized by the surrounding layers and may be documented by the surrounding rock two are! In grain size signs of a volcano an igneous rock a coarse-grained mafic igneous rock,,...

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