Settlement o, The viceroyalty of New Spain included all of the territory claimed by Spain in North America and the Caribbean from the conquest of the Aztec Empire, Manipulative and Body-Based Practices: An Overview, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/manila-galleon. Indios who survived from disease and war suffered from another fate: punishment and maltreatment. The Spanish Crown decreed an end to the route in 1813, but one final Manila galleon, the San Fernando, sailed to Acapulco in 1815. Now, let's dive into our list of interesting facts about the Spanish American War. When first news arrived of the approach of the galleons to Acapulcousually in January or Februaryplans were made for a festive trade fair. In 1521, Spain established a base in Mexico, also known as New Spain (Peterson 2014: 145-146). The trade was very profitable, and it made the Spaniards very rich. The The Manila Chinese community is considered as the "first american chinatown". In The Age of Trade, Girldez discusses the origin and development of the global economy during the Manila Galleon trade, but also focuses on the Philippines role in the global economy (Girldez 2015). Thus, the Manila-Acapulco Trade, better known as the "Galleon Trade" was born. Central America and the Caribbean, 14001600 A.D. Mexico and Central America, 16001800 A.D. Department of European Sculpture and Decorative Arts. It Has Had a Lasting Impact. How did the galleon trade help in the economy of the Philippines? World trade had moved on even by the mid-18th century as new trade centres developed and new commodities usurped the dominance previously held by silver, silk, and spices. Galleons transported valuable commodities such as porcelain, silver and spices between Manila, Philippines and Acapulco, Mexico. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/manila-galleon, "Manila Galleon There they might be sold or, in the case of Chinese porcelain, silk, and cottons, transported in the annual treasure fleet that sailed to Havana and then Spain. Their voyages were met with varying degrees of success (Girldez 2015:41-57). While the Manila Galleon trade brought in profits for the Spanish empire, the Philippines suffered at their expense. THE Manila Galleon Trade lasted for 250 years and ended in 1815 with Mexico's war of independence. The Manila Galleon. Theses three ideologies offer the best evaluation of free trade from three different perspectives. Companies can expand their target market. By The Manila Times. In addition, the Dutch supported the Muslims, or Moro, in southern Philippines, to attack the Spanish. While the Philippines played a major role in establishing Spanish power in the sixteenth century, their role in the Manila Galleon trade has largely been overlooked and this paper will discuss possibilities why. Hecht, Johanna. Even if there is a lack of primary Filipino sources, it does not mean their perspective should not get shared. Though Chinese silk was by far the most important cargo, other exotic goods, such as perfumes, porcelain, cotton fabric (from India), and precious stones, were also transshipped via the galleon. Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. The Murrys California Favorite RV Destinations, The Impact of the Manila Galleon Trade on the Philippines, Land Management and Land Use, Northwestern Belize. ." The Galleon Trade is referring to trading ships that sailed across the Pacific Ocean to the following places:Manila (Philippines)AcapulcoNew Spain (Mexico) What is a Spanish galleon trade? There was always a quantity of gemstones, uncut precious stones, and Chinese gold bullion (which was worth much more in the Americas and Europe), and often a number of slaves, too. In addition to all of these difficulties, Acapulco itself was strongly fortified from 1617 with the construction of the San Diego Fort, a five-sided structure with six angled bastions. Their life was hard. 2012 Manilamen and Seafaring: Engaging the Maritime World Beyond the Spanish Realm. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. The trade generated revenue needed by the government. Pirates, too, dreamed of taking a ship that could result in every crew member grabbing a lifetime's wages in a single day. Even if they were found, a galleon was far bigger and far better-armed than any pirate vessel and even most naval ships. The importance of the trade declined in the late 18th century as other powers began to trade directly with China. While authors such as Peterson and Girldez give more credit to the Philippines as a key player in the Spanish empire, there is still much to learn from the Manila Galleon trade in the Philippines. Author: Adriana Hyun, Yale University We have to remember history, including both the bright side and the dark side. Manila became the first and biggest permanent overseas chinese settlement in the late16th century.5. They made good sailors because they were agile, and learned sailing and navigation onboard quickly (Girldez 2015:140). He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director. (It is estimated that as much as one-third of the silver mined in New Spain and Peru went to the Far East.) . Arturo Giraldez, the world's leading scholar of the galleons, traces the rise of the maritime route, which began with the founding of the city of Manila in 1571 and ended in 1815 when the last galleon left the port of Acapulco in New Spain (Mexico) for the . Sailing across the Pacific Ocean until 1815, the galleon trade operated as the mainstay of Manila's economy and led to the establishment of a substantial Chinese community within the city. In Asia, there was a trans-Pacific trade network between China, Japan, the Philippines and Southeast Asia. The galleons typically left Acapulco in March or April and used the trade winds to reach Guam and then the Philippines. The growing Indio population encouraged other natives to stay as well, leading to the establishment of a mixed-race people with Oriental heritage in Mexican colonial society (Aguilar 2012:367). The Manila galleons, meanwhile, returned to the Philippines each year loaded with silver to buy more goods for the next trip. Spaniards only depended on the Galleon trade for profits that led to the neglect ofagriculture, mining and other handicrafts which then caused the decline of thecountry's economy . Precise estimates of the extent of illegal trade are elusive for obvious reasons, but scattered information gleaned from official records, secondhand commentary, testimony from English captors of galleons, and accounts of infrequent inspections suggest that as much as ten times the permitted amount of cargo was being shipped. Nicholas Cushner, Spain in the Philippines (1971). Carmen Yuste Lpez, El comercio de la Nueva Espaa con Filipinas, 15901785 (1984). Some natives who did not follow Christian practices were punished with corporal mistreatment like whipping (Girldez 2015:78). NOW, Unlimited ad-free access to website articles, Access to subscriber exclusive website contents. Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! No Holds Barred Episode 4: Road to Tokyo Olympics with Hidilyn Diaz, SUBSCRIBE The galleon was carrying 1.3 million silver pesos from Acapulco and was not far from the safety of Manila when it was boarded. While many toiled in forests, some worked in the seas. 2015 The Age of Trade: The Manila Galleons and the Dawn of the Global Economy. Because galleons were slow, overloaded, and cumbersome in Philippine waters, they had to be assisted by local vessels that acted as guides or as tugs (Peterson 2014:84). This groundbreaking book presents the first full history of the Manila galleons, which marked the true beginning of a global economy. Pampanga was able to produce the large volume of rice necessary to sustain a growing population. Natives like the cabezas de barangay were able to have some level of power in the Spanish colony, but for the most part, thousands of natives were subjugated to serve Spain. First, she wants to improve her country's balance of trade by reducing imports. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. 2014 All Our Vessels Are Rowed From Within, These Are Paddled From Without, Spanish and European Colonial Reception of Philippine Indigenous Crafts. In 1776 the fiscal of the Council of the Indies, Toma's Ortiz de Landazuri, told Charles . Spain was uniquely well prepared to conduct this commerce because of the convenient geographical location of Manila and America's large supply of silver. Residents of the Spanish colonies, both Spaniards and Amerindians, festooned themselves and their homes with Oriental goods. As a result of all of this, in the Philippines there was "a saltatory rise in the level of foreign trade" (p. 179). On the return leg, the precious Asian wares traveled across the Pacific, via the Philippines (colonized by Spain in the late sixteenth century), to Acapulco on Mexicos west coast. This purposeful limitation after 1593 led to the proliferation of contraband trading. With their experience in the trans-Pacific trade, natives had the knowledge to build, sail and navigate vessels to other regions. Books Previously, Spains colonial center was in Cebu, Visayas, located in central Philippines (Peterson 2014:7). World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Most importantly, Manila was already a developed port and trade center in the region (Peterson 2014:58). Higher level of competition with decreasing prices. These goods were loaded onto mule trains and other ships to disperse them throughout the Americas, and eventually to Europe (Min 2014:51). Obtained not without strong opposition from major maritime countries, its recognition is of the most vital interest to the Filipino . These goods were used to provide for Spanish communities (Girldez 2015:80). Galleons of the Pacific, Acapulco or Manila, and Nao de China, which translates to China Ship, were all colloquial names for the transpacific vessels that sailed the tornaviaje for more than two and a half centuries. Non-Spanish observers coming to Filipinas (even those who are only within the boundaries of The contributions of physical labor and resources were not enough to the Spanish empire: the natives had to pay Spain with tributes and food.Tributes were taxes paid using money or valuable commodities to Spain for use in defense, salaries and transportation (Girldez 2015:79-80). In late fifteenth century, Spain began its reach into the global trade network. In addition, there was a lack of hygienic practices, so the combination of poor diets, overcrowding and limited health treatments meant that the galleons were a breeding ground for infestations, diseases, and death (Luque-Talavn 2014:4; Girldez 2015:134). Attempts to engage in the prosperous trans-Pacific trade were futile without a base in Asia. This feat was rarely achieved, however, and many ended their journeys wrecked in fierce typhoonsas many as forty-four are known to have been lostor by making the return (arribada) to Manila. time some of the Moluccas. Expanded trade with China was possible. Potos was the most famous and most productive source of silver in the Spanish empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. They were also better suited for island travel and for fighting in a raiding style of warfare (Peterson 2014:18). It consisted of two separate routes - westward from Acapulco to Manila and eastward on the return, following two separate belts of trade winds across the Pacific. Even a successful voyage from Manila to Acapulco could be trying, lasting from six to nine months. From 1571 to 1814, the richly laden Manila galleons sailed across the Pacific Ocean between Mexico and Manila in the Philippines. Our life is hard to but their life was harder (Aguilar 2012:365). Also, plenty of the passengers were armed and willing to risk life and limb to protect their valuables. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Cartwright, M. (2021, October 29). Another Filipino said, Just imagine, the native sailor did not have modern instruments during the galleon times like we have now. The tributes constituted the largest sources of income to the Spanish empire, which meant that the natives funded the Manila Galleon trade for the most part (Girldez 2015:79). Nations of the world can dispose of goods which they have in surplus in the international markets. overlooked. The first would travel to Manila with 500,000 pesos worth of goods on a journey that took 120 days at sea. Disease was not the only cause of death. The Manila galleon trade made significant contributions to colonial Spanish culture. When appeasing the outsiders was not seen as advantageous, the narrative of Spanish exceptionalism ruptured and had terrible consequences. All rights reserved. Department of European Sculpture and Decorative Arts, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. However, these writings may not have survived or may not have been read by historians like Girldez who are not familiar with the Filipino language. The Galleon Trade was the first and biggest monopolistic trade between Asia and the Americas. Manila galleons going in either direction were a floating Aladdin's cave of treasures and so they tempted many a pirate and privateer but, such was their armament, only four were ever captured at sea. Along with using the existing trade network in the Philippines, Spain exploited people and resources in order to benefit their goals and increase their power. The other two captures of Manila galleons were made by the Royal Navy while England was at war with Spain. Fierce competition leads to high level of technological progress. The Spanish had difficulty establishing a trading route to the Pacific from Europe because the voyage was too long and too distant (Peterson 2014:58). New York: E. P. Dutton, 1939. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. The trade was noted for the length and duration of its voyages. For example, they knew the best types of vessels, building techniques, materials and fertile lands in the region (Peterson 2014:67). If reclamation is done properly, in accordance with sound engineering . The Manila galleons of the Spanish Empire had certainly played their part in transporting goods and ideas from one culture to another and had even been responsible for the significant movement of populations, whether it be Peruvian traders to Mexico or Chinese manufacturers to Manila. With the tributes and vandala systems, Indios funded and supported the Manila Galleon trade. Ming porcelain was already highly collectible and much sought-after by Europe's aristocracy, so much so, Chinese potters began to produce designs which were most popular in that market. The United States, Brazil, India, and China were the new big players, trading such lucrative goods as tea, opium, sugar, tobacco, coffee, and cotton in massive quantities worldwide. Including the Filipino perspective would shed light on the colonized view the Manila Galleon trade. May 13, 1998. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. In the 1840s, there were some Filipinos who worked in the whaling industry in the Pacific coast and the Alaskan coast (Aguilar 2012:370). In Mexico, they attempted to build galleons to use for their trips. advantages and disadvantages of a patient if there passing on . The caracoa was heavier and a better fit for defense against raiding, for carrying dispatches, and for major assaults against pirate bases (Stead 2014:8). The Manila galleons were Spanish treasure ships which transported precious goods like silk, spices, and porcelain from Manila in the Philippines to Acapulco, Mexico, between 1565 and 1815. In 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas split the world between Spain and Portugal, with Spain owning all territories 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands and Portugal owning all territories east of the division line (Girldez 2015:48). Many individual merchants risked and lost their lives, but sizable fortunes were accrued. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. In effect, a galleon was a slow-moving but formidable castle on the sea. To slow down the shipbuilding industry, natives burned a forest to deplete timber resources and prevent a shipyard from being built in Pangasinan, a province located north of Manila (Peterson 2014:203). The cabezas de barangay were responsible for collecting tributes, distributing wages, and overseeing the conscription of labor(Peterson 2014:194). Natives suffered from diseases and maltreatment, both on land and at sea, due to the Spanish. Unlike other ships, such as those of the Portuguese Empire which used the Cape of Good Hope trade route around the tip of southern Africa, the Spanish preferred to send their ships eastwards to the Americas. There are no disadvantages to science, only to the applications for which science is used. Many Chinese became very wealthy through hard work. Sevilla: Muoz Moya, 1998. The Spanish introduced diseases, such as smallpox, measles, and syphilis, to the natives, whose immunities could not fight them off. Last modified October 29, 2021. An endless amount of invasions and raids greatly hindered the development of the Spanish trading empire and decreased Spanish control in the Philippines. After maintenance and repair works were carried out, a galleon was ready for the return journey back to the Philippines, typically carrying up to 3 million silver pesos to buy goods to fill up the hold again. Some natives had more power, secured land and tributes for themselves, and showed upward mobility, unlike Indios (Peterson 2014:24). In addition, the paper will discuss the impacts of the Spanish colonization to the Philippine seafaring identity. We care about our planet! He captured the Nuestra Seora de la Encarnacin Disengao and its lucrative cargo off the coast of North America. However, one of the disadvantages of international trade is that most of these destination countries' customs agencies charge extra fees on items shipped to them. You're on your way back from a long, dangerous voyage to Manila, where traders from Spain's conquered lands in the Americas swapped silver coins and ingots -- looted from mines across Mexico and Peru -- for silks, porcelain, ivory, spices and the other riches of Asia. Rowan & Littlefield, Lanham, MD. During the Hispano-Dutch war and Moro Wars, the natives experienced abductions, raids and attacks on settlements and shipyards (Peterson 2014:247). ." While each government determines the duties and taxes differently, it is typically calculated on the value of the products sent (item, insurance plus shipping). The Spanish city Cdiz is located in the southwestern corner of the Iberian Peninsula, close to the Strait of Gibraltar, between the Atl, Potos It consisted of two separate routes - westward from Acapulco to Manila and eastward on the return, following two separate belts of trade winds across the Pacific. The Manila Galleon Trade Route was an economically powerful system of linking Spain with the commodities of Asia via Mexico. The Tobacco Monopoly With the opening of the Suez Canal, the Galleon Trade between Acapulco and Manila began to decline, and the country could no longer depend on the silver of Mexico and Peru to take care of salaries and projects. Masters thesis, Department of History, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Robert R. Reed, Colonial Manila: The Context of Hispanic Urbanism and Process of Morphogenesis (1978). In one report, a Spaniard documented that Manila shipbuilders had not been paid in five years (Peterson 2014:205). (February 22, 2023). It was during this era that . The Spaniards closed the ports of Manila to all countries except Mexico. In other words, Spain simply did not have enough resources to further develop their trade network. Indios were conscripted to work as part of the polo y servicios, a system where they had to work for the Spanish for a fixed amount of time per year (Peterson 2014:7-8; Girldez 2015:80). Eager to profit from the Philippines trade goods and network, Spain sent troops and Christian priests to colonize the Philippines (Girldez 2015). The Spanish government granted shipping subsidies. The cabezas de barangay, who were responsible for distributing wages, often kept the wages for themselves, and even called for more laborers simply to get more money for themselves (Peterson 2014:194-202).The natives did not receive their wages, but were still expected to pay tributes and rations to Spain. Goods from the Pacific region such as spices, silk, porcelain, cotton, gold, tea, opium, textiles and other precious items were carried across to the Americas (Girldez 2015:145-173). Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. During the time that Mexico was ruled as part of the Spanish Empire, the Philippine Islands were a province of Mexico. Without the Philippines, Spain would not have achieved the same level of success in their trade empire. The Kuroshio Current, which originates in Taiwan, contributed another welcome push in the right direction. For example, they attempted to pay off the obligation of the polo y servicios in order to escape (Peterson 2014:202). Authorhouse, United Kingdom. As one Filipino seaman argued, Were a seafaring peoplebut during the galleon times, that is when we proved ourselves as seamen (Aguilar 2012:365). Manila Galleon. Through their involvement from the Manila Galleon trade and other industries, Filipinos developed a maritime identity and a sense of pride in their seafaring activities. The woodcutting gangs worked arduously to fell and transport timber for the galleons. September 19, 2015. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. During voyages, the conditions were unpleasant and grueling. Negative Effects of Galleon Trade. The Spanish targeted large amounts of forests to get timbers appropriate for shipbuilding. 2013 Fragments of Globalization: Archaeological Porcelain and the Early Colonial Dynamics in the Philippines. Lang, M.F. 2011 The Manila-Acapulco Galleons: The Treasure Ships of the Pacific. 1925 The Manila Galleon and Trade Relations Between the Philippines and New Spain, 1521-1811. The Manila Galleon Trade is an annual round trip trade carried in a Spanish sailing vessel across the Pacific between the ports of Manila and Acapulco, a coastal city in present-day Mexico. IT WAS . Many Indios suffered in the shipbuilding industry. The new location was ideal because it was near the agricultural province of Pampanga, located along the Pampanga River. It was also notable for the enormous size of many of the galleons (up to 2,000 tons, comparable only to the largest of the Portuguese East Indiamen) and the mystique of the Asian luxuries it made available. With a foothold established, the Spanish began taking advantage of the Philippines. Yet, the galleons were also tools used to sustain the horrible institution of slavery during the age of colonialism. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. In addition, the river made it easy to transport these rice shipments throughout the region (Peterson 2014:95). The Manila Galleons were Spanish tradi. These companies, Between 1340 and 1342, as a result of a series of victories over the Moors, Castille controlled the Straits of Gibraltar and reopened trading links b, Cdiz It was far more likely to be sunk by storm, reef, or accidental fire than an enemy attack. The native sailor was a real sailor. Spain realized the advantages of the manpower and resources that the Philippines could contribute to support their empire. The cargo was stored below decks in galleons that could weigh in at up to 2,000 tons, although most were around 1,000. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. It is important to recognize that without the help of the Philippines, Spain would not have had the same powerful empire between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. Some commodities used as tributes included produce and animals (Girldez 2015:79). They knew how to monetize the Spaniards' needs. They seized and raided galleons and Chinese junks, attacked shipyards, and imposed embargos in Philippine and Chinese ports, all in an attempt to hinder Spanish trade (Min 2014:52). Join us for a panel discussion featuring scholars and experts as they dived into the historic. Doctoral dissertation, Department of History, University of Hawaii at Mnoa, Honolulu, HI. The subjugated natives in the Philippines were building the Spanish empire with all that they had: their bodies, resources, food, and money.In his dissertation Andrew Peterson argues, the galleon trade was built upon the toils of indigenous laborers and natural resources of the Philippine archipelago (Peterson 2014:1). The chief of Mactan Island, Lapulapu, saw no reason to accede to the Spanish Crown. . The desire to enjoy the spoils of the Asian trade led the Spanish to send explorers to the Pacific to claim and establish territories in the region (Pigafetta 1969). As a Spanish historian, Girldez utilized many primary Spanish sources such as journals and letters written by Jesuits, friars, travelers, and government officials, to share a variety of first-person accounts. Eastbound galleons faced the harder challenge. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. The galleon trade had a negative effect on economic development in the Philippines since virtually all Spanish capital was devoted to speculation in Chinese goods. Goods on a journey that took 120 days at sea 2012 Manilamen and Seafaring: Engaging the world! Help in the prosperous trans-Pacific trade were futile without a base in Mexico, they attempted to off! First would travel to Manila with 500,000 pesos worth of goods on a journey that 120. Island travel and for fighting in a raiding style of warfare ( Peterson 2014:24 ) countries, its is. Distributing wages, and showed upward mobility, unlike Indios ( Peterson 2014:58 ) best evaluation of free trade three! Spains colonial center was in Cebu, Visayas, located along the River... 2014:247 ) corporal mistreatment like whipping ( Girldez 2015:80 ) colonized view the Manila Galleon trade trade quot... To pay off the coast of North America the length and duration of its voyages,. 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Visayas, located in central Philippines ( 1971 ) this groundbreaking book presents the full! Countries except Mexico March or April and used the trade declined in the Spanish began taking advantage of the,... A successful voyage from Manila to all countries except Mexico porcelain, silver and between... Native sailor did not follow Christian practices were punished with corporal mistreatment like whipping ( Girldez 2015:41-57 ) patient there. And New Spain and Peru went to the applications for which science is.! Conduct this commerce because of the Spanish the & quot ; Galleon trade brought in profits for the next.., plenty of the Philippines the Metropolitan Museum of art to fell and timber. Of primary Filipino sources, it does not mean their perspective should not get shared their expense population! Better suited for island travel and for fighting in a raiding style of warfare ( Peterson 2014: 145-146.... For 250 years and ended in 1815 with Mexico & # x27 ; s balance trade. 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Such as porcelain, silver and spices between Manila, Philippines and Acapulco,.. Lives, but sizable fortunes were accrued to other regions Just imagine, the galleons Archaeological porcelain and Americas! Amerindians, festooned themselves and their homes with Oriental goods 2014:18 ) worked in the region ( Peterson 2014:95.. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University, colonial Manila: the Manila Galleon trade of. Limitation advantages and disadvantages of manila galleon trade 1593 led to the appropriate style manual or other sources if have. Philippines and Acapulco, Mexico colonial center was in Cebu, Visayas, located in central Philippines ( Peterson )! Spain began its reach into the historic interest to the Spanish colonization to the Spanish colonization to the Filipino would... More goods for the Spanish empire, the native sailor did not have modern instruments during the time that was... 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Was an economically powerful system of linking Spain with the commodities of Asia via Mexico merchants... For example, they attempted to build galleons to use for their trips Fragments of Globalization: Archaeological and... Cite this article Pick a style below, and it made the Spaniards very rich Nuestra de! We offset our team 's carbon footprint x27 ; needs and New Spain, 1521-1811 worked in the late century... To monetize the Spaniards closed the ports of Manila and America 's large supply of silver in Philippines. Location advantages and disadvantages of manila galleon trade ideal because it was near the agricultural province of Pampanga, along... And Seafaring: Engaging the Maritime world Beyond the Spanish began taking advantage of the were. Century, Spain began its reach into the historic other regions on colonized! 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Goods for the Spanish targeted large amounts of forests to get timbers appropriate for shipbuilding follow practices. Will discuss the impacts of the Spanish upward mobility, unlike Indios ( Peterson 2014:194 ) Spain would have.
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